사역동사:
목적어 다음에 원형이 오는 것 : have, let , make, bid,
목적어 다음에 to 가 오는 것 : order, ask, allow, get, cause
지각동사: hear, see, watch, touch, notice, observe
사역동사
시키다라는 의미 *노동과관련+
지각동사 = see , hear, feel, watch, look at, listen to, sound ( 능동일떄 목적보어자리에 ing , 동원 둘다옴)
사역동사= have, let, make, bid ( bid라는건 잘안쓰여서 have let make 이거 3개만외우두시면됨) {( 능동일떄 목적보어자리에 동원 옴) }
- have 는 솔직히 사역동사이긴맞는데 준사역동사임
사역동사 + 목적어 + 동.원인데 ( 능동일떄 )
have는 동.원자리에 동명사가 올수도있다는거 잊지마라며 ㅅㄱ~
=================
1. 사역동사 다적어주세요..
make, have, let, *help(준 사역동사.)
2. 사역동사로 쓰였을때는 뜻이 '시키다'에요??
예, 그렇습니다.
ex) I made him eat lunch.(나는 그가 점심을 먹게 만들었다/시켰다)
3. 지각동사 종류 다적어주세요
2형식 지각동사
: seem , appear, look, taste, sound
5형식 지각동사
: see, hear , observe, listen to,
4. 사역동사와 지각동사가 들어간 예문좀 적어주세요 ㅎ
I saw a boy swimming in the river.
That tates bitter.
He made me happy.
Don't let him go.
I heard my name called.
I was made to enter the room by myself.(수동태일 경우, 사역동사는 to 부정사를 쓴다)
Verb of perception
Dear Teacher
About my earlier question, I meant 'verb of perception'. ( I spelt it wrongly)
What does it means , the rules when using and can you give some examples.
Thank you. .
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30-Aug-2005, 08:47 #2 Casiopea
VIP Member
Member Info
Member Type: OtherJoin Date:Sep 2003
Posts:12,971 Re: Verb of perception
Verbs of perception, also known as verbs related to the five senses (look, sound, feel, smell, taste), are linkng verbs. They link the subject with its complement -a word or phrase that describes the subject. For example,
The cookies taste great. (cookies = great)
Verbs of perception tend not to take -ing,
The cookies are *tasting great. (ungrammatical)
Does that help? If not, try searching under the words linking verbs.
------
Linking verbs:
1. Forms of the verb to be (am, are, is, was, were, etc.)
2. Verbs related to the five senses (look, sound, smell, feel, taste)
3. Verbs that reflect a state of being (appear, seem, become, grow, turn, prove, remain).
A linking verb connects a subject and its complement. There are two kinds of complements: noun complements or an adjective complements.
Examples:
Those people are all professors. NOUN COMPLEMENT
Those professors are brilliant. ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT
This room smells bad. ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT
I feel great. ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT
Verbs that reflect a change in state of being are sometimes called resulting copulas. They link a subject to a predicate adjective:
His face turned purple.
She became older.
The milk has gone sour.
The crowd grew ugly.
SOURCE Grammar and Writing Index
=============
There are two kinds of linking verbs: those that express a state and those that express a result.
Express a state
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been (any any combination that ends with be or been: has been, have been, had been, will be, shall be, may be, would have been, should have been, would be).
Express a result: These are called "resultative"
act, appear, be, feel, lie, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, become, get, grow, fall, prove, run, turn
A resultative verb can function as either a linking verb or an action verb. Here's a test you can use to help you decide: Replace the resultative verb with am, is, are, was, etc. For example, let's try the verbs 'grow' and 'look':
The man grows flowers.
=> The man is flowers. (Not OK)
('grows' is not a linking verb here. It's an action verb)
The man grows tired.
=> The man is tired. (OK)
('grows' is a linking verb here.)
She is looking at the flowers.
=> She is at the flowers. (Not OK)
('is looking' is not a linking verb here. It's an action verb)
She is looking good.
=> She is good (i.e., looking). (OK)
('is looking' functions as a linking verb here.)
Here's a test to help you decide whether the word that come after the linking verb is a noun or an adjective: Replace the linking verb with the verb seem. Only adjectives fit grammatically in the position:
He is a doctor.
=> He seems a doctor. (Not OK)
('a doctor' is not an adjective)
He is happy.
=> He seems happy. (OK)
('happy' is an adjective)
======================
A copula (also spelled
copular) verb is a verb that connects the
subject to the
complement. They are sometimes called linking verbs.
EG: That food smells nice.
('Smells' connects the subject to the adjective that describes it.)
The following are the principal Copula Verbs in English that can be used to connect the subject to an adjective:
Be; Look; Feel; Taste; Smell; Sound; Seem; Appear; Get; Become; Grow; Stay; Keep; Turn; Prove; Go; Remain; Resemble; Run; Lie
Read more at
http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/copula-verb.html#3RkVDv9G2fTBBPsb.99
# 동사의 종류
1형식 : S (주어) + V (완전자동사)
2형식 : S (주어) + V (불완전자동사) + SC (주격보어)
3형식 : S (주어) + V (완전타동사) +O (목적어)
4형식 : S (주어) + V (수여동사) +IO (간접목적어) + DO (직접목적어)
5형식 : S (주어) + V (불완전타동사) + O (목적어) + OC (목적보어)
★ 문장형태
- 동사는 그 형태에 따라서 목적어를 필요로 하지 않는 자동사와 목적어를 필요로 하는
타동사로 나뉘고, 자동사는 (주격)보어를 필요로 하지 않는 완전자동사와 (주격)보어를
필요로 하는 불완전자동사로 나뉘고, 타동사는 (목적격)보어를 필요로 하지 않는 완전
타동사와 (목적격)보어를 필요로 하는 불완전 타동사로 나누어진다.
A. 1형식 문형 (주어+동사) : 완전자동사
☞ 주어, 동사만으로 완전한 의미를 가지는 문장. 주어와 동사만으로도 의미가 성립되지만
실제의 경우에는 수식어구가 붙어 문장이 길어진다.
- Birds are singing happily.
- They live in the large house.
- She lies on the grass.
- There are some books on the desk.
1) 주의해야 할 자동사의 의미
do : 좋다 · 족하다 (=be suitable, be good enough)
- Any book will do, if it is interesting.
pay : 유익하다 (=be profitable)
- It will pay to learn English in Advance.
work : 효과가 있다
- This medicine will work well.
count / matter : 중요하다 (=be important)
- It matters little whether to go or not. |
2) 타동사로 착각하기 쉬운 완전자동사
- He accounted for his absence.
- He apologized to me for his mistake.
★ <유례>
account for (설명하다), apologize to (~에게 사과하다), operate on (수술하다)
graduate from (~을 졸업하다), complain of (불평하다), collide with (~와 충돌하다)
interfere with (방해하다), object to (~에 반대하다), experiment with (실험하다)
reply to (~에 대답하다), refer to (언급하다, 말하다), wait for (기다리다)
sympathize with (동정하다), consent to (~에 동의하다) |
B. 2형식 문형 (주어+동사+주격보어) : 불완전자동사
☞ 주어가 어떤 성질, 상태인가를 보충 설명하는 말(주격보어)이 필요한 문장. 보어로는
명사, 대명사, 형용사가 쓰인다.
- He was very handsome.
- The children kept quiet all day long.
- The man turned pale at the news.
- The boy looks happy.
① 상태를 나타내는 be형 동사 : be, lie, sit, stand 등
- He is an attractive man.
- The cat was lying asleep by the fire.
- The box sat unopened on the shelf.
② 유지, 계속을 나타내는 keep형 동사 : keep, continue, stay, remain 등
- You should keep calm in an emergency.
- He stayed single all his life.
- Her opinion remained unchanged.
③ 상태의 변화를 나타내는 become형 동사 : become, come, get, grow, make,
turn,fall, go, run 등
- We became close friends.
- The boy turned pale at the news.
- They were getting more and more annoyed.
④ 외견, 감각을 나타내는 동사 : seem, appear, look, smell, sound, feel, taste 등
- This food smells delicious.
- The man appears to be a gentleman.
- These apples taste sweet.
- Everyone looks satisfied with the result.
⑤ 판명 등을 나타내는 동사 : prove (to be), turn out (to be), come to, get to
- What the boy said turned out (=proved) to be true.
- She came to know the boy.
★ <주의> 부사는 보어가 될 수 없다.
- That sounds strange. (o)
That sounds strangely. (x)
- He made his mother happy. (o)
He make his mother happily. (x)
cf) She appears to be afraid of me. (o)
She appears afraid of me. (x)
He turned out to be awake then. (o)
He turned out awake then. (x)
★ 서술적 용법에만 사용되는 형용사 : <to be +형용사·명사>의 to be를 생략할 수
없다. (alike, afraid, asleep, awake, alone, fond 등)
|
C. 3형식 문형 (주어+동사+목적어) : 완전타동사
☞ 동사의 대상이 되는 말(목적어)이 필요한 문장. 목적어가 되는 것은 명사, 대명사 그리고
명사 상당어구이다.
- I heard the news on the radio.
- I haven't seen him lately.
- I want to eat apple pie.
① 자동사 + 전치사 = 타동사 : look for, wait for, listen to 등
- I look for my purse.
- She listened to the radio.
② 타동사 + 명사(목적어) + 전치사 = 타동사 : take care of, pay attention to,
find fault with 등
- She took care of her mother.
- He paid no attention to my lecture.
③ 동족목적어
- He lived a happy life in Korea.
- He died a hero's death.
<유례>
fight a battle 싸우다 feel a feeling 느끼다
dream a dream 꿈꾸다 run a race 경주하다
sing a song 노래하다 breathe a breath 숨 쉬다
sigh a sigh 한숨 쉬다 bathe a bath 목욕하다 |
④ 재귀동사
- She seated herself on the bed. (동작강조) : 능동
cf) She was seated on the bed. (상태강조) : 수동
<참고>
pride oneself on 자랑하다 enjoy oneself 즐기다
devote[apply] oneself to 몰두하다 drown oneself 익사하다
kill oneself 자살하다 overwork oneself 과로하다
overdrink oneself 과음하다 overeat oneself 과식하다
avail oneself of 이용하다 present oneself at 참[출]석하다
absent oneself from 결석하다 seat oneself 앉다
accustom oneself to ~에 익숙해지다 behave oneself 처신하다
dress oneself 옷을 차려입다 exert oneself 노력하다 |
⑤ 자동사로 혼동하기 쉬운 3형식 동사 : 동사 뒤에 전치사를 쓸 수 없다.
- He entered into the house. (x)
He entered the house. (o)
cf) He entered into business. (o)
- He approached to the house. (x)
He approached the house. (o)
★ <유례>
avoid (from x), accompany (with x), contact (with x), consult (to x),
discuss (about x), join (with x), inhabit (on x), kiss (with x), mention (about x),
marry (with x), obey (to x), oppose (to x), resemble (with x) |
★ ⑥ 주의를 요하는 3형식 동사
a) 수여동사로 혼동하기 쉬운 3형식 동사 : explain to +(대)명사 + 목적어
explain + 목적어 + to + (대)명사
explain, announce, confess, describe, introduce, propose, suggest, repeat 등 |
- He explained to me the reason why he should go.
b) 제거 · 박탈의 동사 : rob + 목적어 + of + (대)명사
deprive, rob, cure, heal, ease, free 등 |
- The man robbed her of her purse.
- They relieved me of my anxiety.
cf) <steal · derive + 목적어 + from + (대)명사>
- He stole the money from the house.
c) 확신 · 통보 · 고발의 동사 : inform + 목적어 + of + (대)명사
inform, remind, accuse, convince, assure, warn, tell (알려주다), advice 등 |
- She informed me of her success.
d) 방해 · 금지 · 구별의 동사 : prevent + 목적어 + from + ~ing
prevent, keep, hinder, prohibit, stop, disable, discourage, dissuade.
cf) distinguish[tell, know] +from + 명사
enable/encourage/persuade + 목적어 +to 부정사 |
e) 공급의 타동사 : provide + 목적어 + with + (대)명사
provide, supply, furnish, present, credit, equip, fill, endow, charge, entrust |
- They provided him with much money.
f) 비난 · 감사 · 칭찬의 타동사 : blame + 목적어 + for +(동)명사
blame, criticize, punish, scold, thank, praise, reward 등 |
- The teacher blamed me for my carelessness.
⑦ 부정사를 목적어로 취하는 동사
소망 · 의도 · 약속 · 기대 · 결심 · 동의 · 거절 등을 나타내는 동사
☞ want, hope, wish, desire, intend, mean, promise, expect, decide, determine,
agree, move, refuse 등
노력 · 준비 · 계획 등을 나타내는 동사
☞ arrange, endeavor, manage, plan, prepare, seek, strive 등
기타
☞ afford, appoint, bother, entitle, offer, pretend, undertake 등 |
⑧ 동명사를 목적어로 취하는 동사
지난 일에 대한 후회 · 유감 등을 연상시키는 동사 (~했던 것을)
☞ understand, appreciate, consider, forgive, pardon, recollect, recall, repent
acknowledge, admit, excuse
가정 사실 (~하는 것을)
☞ permit, delay, put off, postpone, avoid, evade, escape, help, miss, abandon,
give up, finish, stand, risk, deny, mind, enjoy, practice |
D. 4형식 문형 (주어+동사+간접목적어+직접목적어) : 수여동사
☞ " ~에게 "(간접목적어) " ~을 "(직접목적어)에 해당하는 두 개의 목적어를 가지는 문장.
간접목적어에는 주로 사람이 오며, 직접 목적어에는 주로 사물이 온다.
- I told him the sad story.
- We showed her some pictures of Seoul.
- Tom asked me two questions.
- She made her daughter a dress.
1. 4형식의 문형을 3형식의 문형으로 전환하는 경우 사용되는 전치사.
- The policeman asked me a question.
=> The policeman asked a question of me.
- She made her daughter a dress.
=> She made a dress for her daughter.
- He lent me some money.
=> He lent some money to me.
give, lend, offer, promise, send, teach, show, write, bring |
to |
buy, build, call, cook, gain, make, find |
for |
ask, inquire, demand, require |
of |
2. 4형식 동사(수여동사)로 오인하기 쉬운 완전타동사
<주의> explain, suggest, introduce 등의 동사는 수여동사로 착각하기 쉬우나
「주어+동사+목적어+전치사(to)+사람」의 형식으로만 쓰이는 완전 타동사임에
주의해야 한다.
- I could explain him the rules. (x)
-> I could explain the rules to him. (o)
- I introduced him the lady. (x)
-> I introduced the lady to him. (o)
- She suggested the man going out for dinner. (x)
-> She suggested going out for dinner to the man. (o)
<유례>
impart B to A : A에게 B를 나누어주다.
impose B on A : A에게 B를 부과시키다.
endow A with B : A에게 B를 부여하다.
trust A with B : A에게 B를 맡기다.
mail B to A : A에게 B(편지)를 붙이다.
share B with A : A와 함께 B를 공유하다(함께하다).
supply (provide) A with B = supply (provide) B for A
furnish (present) A with B = furnish (present) B to A |
3. 기타 with 관련 동사류
- They confused liberty with license.
- Law charges policemen with keeping law and order.
<유례>
compare A with B : A를 B와 비교하다.
acquaint A with B : A에게 B를 알려주다.
contrast A with B : A를 B와 대조하다.
identify A with B : A를 B와 동일시하다.
confuse A with B : A를 B와 혼동하다.
charge A with B : A에게 B를 부과하다. |
4. 간접 목적어가 직접 목적어의 뒤로 갈 수 없는 동사(2개의 목적어를 가지는 3형식 동사)
- I envy you your happiness. (o)
=> I envy your success of you. (x)
=> I envy you and envy your success. (o)
<유례>
save, forgive, cost, pardon, envy 등 |
E. 5형식 문형 (주어+동사+목적어+목적보어) : 불완전타동사
☞ 목적어만으로는 뜻이 불완전하여 그 목적어의 뜻을 보충 설명해주는 목적격 보어가
필요한 문장. 목적어와 목적격 보어 사이에는 <주어+동사>의 관계가 성립한다.
- She made the man happy. cf) The man became happy.
- He made me wash his car. cf) I washed his car.
① <형용사, 명사>를 목적보어로 취하는 경우 : make, call, think, keep 등
- His family made him a scientist.
- We call him a fool.
- I think him innocent.
- My brother kept the door open.
② <to be + 형용사, 명사>를 목적보어로 취하는 경우 :
주로 think, believe, suppose, consider, find, know 등 <인식,생각> 동사들이 쓰인다.
- She believed him to be honest.
- We thought her to be innocent.
- They found him to be the murderer.
- I know him (to be) angry.
<참고>
a) 목적보어가 <to be +형용사·명사>일 경우 "to be"는 생략할 수 있다.
b) 목적보어가 인칭대명사일 때에는, 앞에 반드시 to be를 쓴다.
- I thought the lady her. (x)
- I thought the lady to be she. (x) / I thought the lady to be her. (o) |
③ 3형식에서는 쓸 수 있으나 5형식에서는 쓸 수 없는 동사
- I hope that he will succeed. (o)
=> I hope him to succeed. (x)
- He proposed that she should marry the man. (o)
=> He proposed her to marry the man. (x)
<유례>
suggest, say, demand, explain, hope, propose 등 |
④ 목적어로 that절을 쓰지 않고, 5형식의 문장만으로 쓰는 동사
- She wants that he will come soon. (x)
- She wants him to come soon. (o)
<유례>
want, ask, like, teach, advise 등 |
⑤ <as+명사, 형용사>를 목적보어로 취하는 동사 :
regard (look upon) A as B : A를 B로 간주하다.
consider (think of) A as B : A를 B라고 생각하다.
see (view) A as B : A를 B로 보다.
acknowledge A as B : A를 B로 인정하다.
describe A as B : A를 B라고 설명하다.
define A as B : A를 B라고 정의하다.
take A as B : A를 B라고 생각하다.
refer to (speak of) A as B : A를 B라고 말하다.
appoint A as B // elect A as B // treat A as B // regard A as B |
- She considered herself as a very important person.
- They elected Tom as their chairman.
- We regard the dove as the symbol of peace.
- They thought of it as impossible.
⑥ <형용사, 현재분사, 과거분사>를 모두 목적보어로 취하는 동사 :
find, keep, leave 등, 주로 상태동사.
- Don't leave the baby alone. (형용사)
- His friends left me waiting in the rain. (현재분사 : 능동의 뜻)
- Did you leave the doors closed? (과거분사 : 수동의 뜻)
- The boys kept her waiting so long. (현재분사 : 능동의 뜻)
- The game kept the boys amused. (과거분사 : 수동의 뜻)
⑦ <to 부정사>를 목적보어로 취하는 동사 :
소망, 의도, 기대 : want, like, would like, intend, mean, expect, desire
권유, 설득, 요청 : advise, encourage, enable, persuade, ask
강요, 명령, 사역 : force, order, command, cause, get, tell
허용, 금지 : allow, permit, forbid, admit
- His wealth enabled him to succeed in that field.
- I encouraged the boy to learn swimming.
- My father allowed me to go out to play.
⑧ 사역동사 <make, let, have, bid, help>
☞ make · let · have + 목적어 + 동사원형 : 능동의 뜻
+ 과거분사 : 수동의 뜻
help · bid + 목적어 + (to) 동사원형 : 능동의 뜻
- I made her drive me to the store.
- I will have him wash my car.
- He let me attend the party.
- She bade him (to) clean the house.
- We helped her (to) do her homework.
have[get] + 목적어(사람) + 동사원형 = get + 목적어 + to 동사원형 (능동의 뜻)
have[get] + 목적어(사물) + 과거분사 = get + 목적어 + 과거분사 (수동의 뜻) |
- I had him carry the baggage. (능동의 뜻)
= I got him to carry the baggage. (능동의 뜻)
- I had the baggage carried by him. (수동의 뜻)
= I got the baggage carried by him. (수동의 뜻
⑨ 지각동사 <see, hear, watch, feel, notice, listen to, observe 등>
동사원형 : 능동의 뜻 (전체 동작 또는 상태)
☞ 지각동사 + 목적어 + 현재분사 : 능동의 뜻 (일부 동작, 순간 동작)
과거분사 : 수동의 뜻
- I saw him come into the classroom.
- I didn't notice him go upstairs.
- We saw her play the piano at the concert.
- I saw the boy running over there.
- We noticed the bird caught by the boys.
⑩ 목적어가 목적보어보다 (훨씬) 더 길어진 경우에는 목적어와 목적보어는 서로 도치된다.
- She made the difficult things he told me possible. (x)
=> She made possible the difficult things he told me. (o)
⑪ 대명사의 이중목적어 : 간접목적어와 직접목적어가 모두 대명사일 때는, 약한 대명사를
먼저 쓴다.
- I gave you a book.
- I gave it (to) you.
cf) I gave it you. (it은 you보다 약한 대명사)
cf) Give me this. (me는 this보다 약한 대명사)
<참고>
직접목적어만 대명사일 때는 직접목적어를 앞에 놓는 것이 원칙이다.
- I told it to my mother.
cf) I told my mother it. (x) |
<유사보어> 1형식 문장과 3형식 문장 끝에서 형용사 · 명사가 붙어 주격보어 또는
목적보어가 될 수 있다.
- He started a gentleman.
= When he started, he was a gentleman.
- She returned home hungry.
= When she returned home, she was hungry.
- He sent Mary sober.
= When he sent Mary, she was sober. |
⑫ 혼동하기 쉬운 동사
rise - rose - risen 일어나다, 오르다 / raise - raised - raised 일으키다, 올리다
find - found - found 찾다, 발견하다 / found - founded - founded 세우다, 설립하다
die - died - died 죽다 / dye - dyed - dyed 염색하다
lie - lay - lain 눕다, 놓여있다 / lie - lied - lied 거짓말하다
lay - laid - laid 눕히다, 놓다 / bind - bound - bound 묶다, 매다
bound - bounded - bounded 튀다 / hang - hung - hung 매달다
hang - hanged - hanged 교수형에 처하다 / saw - sawed - sawn 톱질하다
sow - sowed - sowed 씨 뿌리다 / sew - sewed - sewn 바느질하다 |